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#505
archaeus5

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Life Is Inevitable Consequence Of Physics, According To New Research

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The first paper, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shows that life-like structural arrangements of atoms spontaneously arise. Importantly, biological inputs and variables – the behavior of cells, the formation of DNA, and so on – weren’t preprogrammed into the simulations.
The second, published in Physics Review Letters, shows that when driven by an external energy source – the Sun, in this case – these atoms rearrange themselves in order to absorb and emit the energy more efficiently. Perhaps most remarkably, these life-like structures started to copy themselves in order to better handle this energy flow.


#506
mario_bril

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Da, știm, deși entropia din Univers crește, cumva s-au găsit niște atomi care să eludeze chestia asta și sub acțiunea luminii solare s-au organizat ei, de capul lor.

#507
archaeus5

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View Postmario_bril, on 03 august 2017 - 23:54, said:

Da, știm, deși entropia din Univers crește, cumva s-au găsit niște atomi care să eludeze chestia asta și sub acțiunea luminii solare s-au organizat ei, de capul lor.

Toata materia eludeaza chestia asta pentru ca este in natura materiei sa faca asta, desteptule! Ai auzit de atractie gravitationala  de forta electromagnetica or de forta atomica puternica?
Totul este organizat, mai mult sau mai putin. Este doar o chestiune de perspectiva, de regula ... umana. Oamenii, cunoscuti pentru intelegerea lor "profunda" ale legilor fundamentale ale naturi, ca tine ... Posted Image
Dar de capul cui? Cate capete sunt unul peste altul care se controleaza unul pe altul ca nici un cap nu poate singur? Asta ma duce la intrebarea, cine gandeste in locul tau si de ce mai ai nevoie de cap daca nu poti face, nici macar tu care, spre deosebire de atomi, ai un cap ...

#508
Shade_Wo

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O teorie foarte asemănătoare cu cea propusă de Jeremy England are și geologul Michael Russell, adept al variantei „metabolism first” de apariție a vieții și care, spre deosebire de England, propune deja moleculele de la care s-a pornit. http://www.nature.co...ll/459316a.html

#509
archaeus5

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Ce a existat înainte de Big-Bang?

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Însă, un grup de matematicieni din Canada şi din Egipt au analizat o teorie deja existentă şi un grup de ecuaţii pentru a descoperi ce a existat înaintea Big-Bangului.  În urma acestui studiu, aceştia au descoperit faptul că universul a trecut prin patru etape de formare. Mai mult, au reuşit să definească şi ceea ce a existat înaintea apariţiei acestuia, şi anume un alt univers, mai concret, o altă fază cosmică. Pe lângă faptul că este infinit în ceea ce priveşte dimensiunea, acesta este ciclic şi a existat întotdeauna într-unul din cele patru stagii.
Studiul derulat de către aceşti cercetători este unul extrem de complex, iar pofesorul Mir Faizal a punctat principalele aspecte ale acestuia şi, potrivit celor spuse de către acesta, au integrat mecanica cuantică în cosmologie. Această metodă modifică ecuaţia cosmologiei într-un mod extrem de interesant, demonstrând faptul că universul are patru faze, iar faza prezentă a universului este doar una dintre acestea.
Înaintea Big-Bangului a mai existat o fază şi este posibil ca aceasta să poată fi studiată prin analizarea fizicii fazei prezente a universului. În ceea ce priveşte derularea acestui studiu, profesorul Mir Faizal spune că: „În modelul cosmic propus de noi, universul nu a început odată cu  Big-Bang-ul, ci a existat o fază de tranziţie către o altă fază. Acest lucru este posibil pentru că universul poate exista în patru faze diferite, precum apa există în trei faze diferite. Aşa cum putem afla care sunt proprietăţile gheţii doar prin observarea apei din care aceasta s-a format, putem afla ce a fost înaintea acestui univers doar prin studierea fizicii acestui univers.”
În modelul cosmic pe care aceşti cercetători l-au conceput, natura ciclică a universului are loc ca un rezultat al încorporării efectului cuantic într-un model cosmic al universului. Mai mult, echipa a încorporat efectul unei  lungimi minime şi a unei energii maxime şi au sfârşit prin descoperirea unei naturi ciclice.


#510
archaeus5

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Descoperire: Un pasaj din biblie cu referire la femei a fost scris mai târziu

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Un pasaj important din biblie a fost „adăugat mai târziu”, afirmă un cercetător american. Pasajul respectiv face referire la rolul femeii în Biserică și posibilitatea de a deveni preot.
Pasajul cheie prin care li se spune femeilor că trebuie să tacă în biserică a fost folosit pentru a justifica interzicerea femeilor în preoție. Însă, se pare că acest pasaj nu este original și a fost scris mult mai târziu, nu de către apostolul Pavel, ci de către un „scrib B”, scrie The Telegraph.
Iată ce îi este atribuit apostolului Pavel în epistola către Corinteni, capitolul 14, verstul 34: „Ca în toate Bisericile sfinţilor, femeile voastre să tacă în biserică, căci lor nu le este îngăduit să vorbească, ci să se supună, precum zice şi Legea.”
Academicianul Philip Barton Payne aduce ca dovadă la afirmațiile sale că pasajul nu este original un simbol. El a studiat Codex Vaticanus, una dintre cele mai vechi versiuni ale Bibliei grecești care încă mai există, și a identificat simbolul "distigme-obelos" lângă pasajul respectiv. Scribii utilizau acest simbol ca să identifice o adăugare care nu apărea într-un text original.


#511
archaeus5

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Neutron star smashup seen for first time, 'transforms' understanding of Universe

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Scientists have for the first time witnessed the crash of two ultra-dense neutron stars, cataclysmic events now known to have generated at least half the gold in the Universe, excited research teams revealed Monday.
It had been theorised that mergers of two such exotic bodies would create ripples in the fabric of space-time known as gravitational waves, as well as bright flashes of high-energy radiation called gamma ray bursts.
On August 17, detectors witnessed both phenomena, 1.7 seconds apart, coming from the same spot in the constellation of Hydra.
Evidence of this cosmic clash hurtled through space and reached Earth on August 17 at exactly 12:41 GMT, setting in motion a secret, sleepless, weeks-long blitzkrieg of star-gazing and number-crunching involving hundreds of telescopes and thousands of astronomers and astrophysicists around the world.
It was as if a dormant network of super-spies simultaneously sprung into action.
The stellar smash-up made itself known in two ways: it created ripples called gravitational waves in Einstein's time-space continuum, and lit up the entire electromagnetic spectrum of light, from gamma rays to radio waves.
Scientists had detected gravitational waves four times before, a feat acknowledged with a Nobel Physics Prize earlier this month.
It generated gravitational waves—picked up by two US-based observatories known as LIGO, and another one in Italy called Virgo—that lasted an astounding 100 seconds. Less than two seconds later, a NASA satellite recorded a burst of gamma rays.
"It is the first time that we've observed a cataclysmic astrophysical event in both gravitational and electromagnetic waves," said LIGO executive director David Reitze, a professor at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena
Stiinta chiar ofera predictii testabile si consecvente. Eistein este inca odata confirmat ...

#512
archaeus5

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Do animals think rationally? Researcher suggests rational decision-making doesn't require language

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Cameron Buckner, assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston, argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called "executive control" when it comes to making decisions, consciously considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.
He acknowledges that language is required for some sophisticated forms of metacognition, or thinking about thinking. But bolstered by a review of previously published research, Buckner concludes that a wide variety of animals - elephants, chimpanzees, ravens and lions, among others - engage in rational decision-making.
"These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the option they are evaluating for their goal, they possess a subjective, internal signal regarding their confidence in this take that can be deployed to select amongst different options," he wrote.


Early bioenergetic evolution

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Life is the harnessing of chemical energy in such a way that the energy-harnessing device makes a copy of itself. This paper outlines an energetically feasible path from a particular inorganic setting for the origin of life to the first free-living cells. The sources of energy available to early organic synthesis, early evolving systems and early cells stand in the foreground, as do the possible mechanisms of their conversion into harnessable chemical energy for synthetic reactions. With regard to the possible temporal sequence of events, we focus on: (i) alkaline hydrothermal vents as the far-from-equilibrium setting, (ii) the Wood–Ljungdahl (acetyl-CoA) pathway as the route that could have underpinned carbon assimilation for these processes, (iii) biochemical divergence, within the naturally formed inorganic compartments at a hydrothermal mound, of geochemically confined replicating entities with a complexity below that of free-living prokaryotes, and (iv) acetogenesis and methanogenesis as the ancestral forms of carbon and energy metabolism in the first free-living ancestors of the eubacteria and archaebacteria, respectively. In terms of the main evolutionary transitions in early bioenergetic evolution, we focus on: (i) thioester-dependent substrate-level phosphorylations, (ii) harnessing of naturally existing proton gradients at the vent–ocean interface via the ATP synthase, (iii) harnessing of Na+ gradients generated by H+/Na+ antiporters, (iv) flavin-based bifurcation-dependent gradient generation, and finally (v) quinone-based (and Q-cycle-dependent) proton gradient generation. Of those five transitions, the first four are posited to have taken place at the vent. Ultimately, all of these bioenergetic processes depend, even today, upon CO2 reduction with low-potential ferredoxin (Fd), generated either chemosynthetically or photosynthetically, suggesting a reaction of the type ‘reduced iron → reduced carbon’ at the beginning of bioenergetic evolution.


#513
archaeus5

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#514
archaeus5

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Chemists discover plausible recipe for early life on Earth

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Every aerobic organism, from flamingoes to fungi, relies on the citric acid cycle to release stored energy in cells.
The new study outlines how two non-biological cycles—called the HKG cycle and the malonate cycle—could have come together to kick-start a crude version of the citric acid cycle. The two cycles use reactions that perform the same fundamental chemistry of a-ketoacids and b-ketoacids as in the citric acid cycle. These shared reactions include aldol additions, which bring new source molecules into the cycles, as well as beta and oxidative decarboxylations, which release the molecules as carbon dioxide (CO2).
As they ran these reactions, the researchers found they could produce amino acids in addition to CO2, which are also the end products of the citric acid cycle. The researchers think that as biological molecules like enzymes became available, they could have led to the replacement of non-biological molecules in these fundamental reactions to make them more elaborate and efficient.


#515
archaeus5

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Poll: 0.0% of Icelanders Under 25 Believe God Created The World

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Of those younger than 25, 93.9% said the world had been created in the big bang and 0.0% believed God had created the world.
77.7% of those between 25 and 44 years old believed the world had been created in the big bang and 10.1% believed God had created the world.
In all but the oldest age category a majority accepted the big-bang theory. Only 46.1% of those older than 55 believed in the big bang, and nearly a fourth, 24.5% believed God had created the world.
According to the poll, less than half of Icelanders claim they are religious and more than 40% of young Icelanders identify as atheist.

Viitorul este deja aici ... 0% dintre Islandezii sub 25 de ani cred intr-un zeu creator.

#516
Travertin2_0

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Mai, arcaheus, nu mai pacali oamenii.

Asa de la sursa, nu de la gigel.com:

Aproape 80% din populația islandeză aparține astăzi bisericii evanghelice luterane islandeze.

https://www.islandre...exikon/religion

#517
TOPCATBV

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Chasing the Rainbow: The Non-conscious Nature of Being
As a real, but essentially non–executive, emergent property associated with the selective internal broadcasting of non-conscious outputs that form the personal narrative, we consider personal awareness to lack adaptive significance in much the same way as rainbows or eclipses. The non-consciously generated personal narrative on the other hand forms the basis for both significant individual and social adaptive advantage. The main evolutionary advantage, lies in the selective public transmission of contents of the personal narrative, again under the control of non-conscious systems, and the sharing of these essentially private contents (thoughts, feelings, and information) with others in the local and wider social group. As part of this adaptive process, individuals are predisposed not only to transmit information from their own personal narrative but also to receive and process the externally and culturally transmitted outputs from others. In becoming available to others the broadcast (and re-broadcast) content of individual personal narratives supports the mutual understanding of the drivers behind thought and behavior. This in turn facilitates the dissemination of ideas and beliefs, and ultimately the construction of resilient supra-individual social, cultural, and legal systems which has contributed to the stability and evolutionary adaptedness of the species.

#518
archaeus5

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Scientists Show Human Consciousness Could Be a Side Effect of 'Entropy'
To figure this out, a team from the University of Toronto and Paris Descartes University used a type of probability theory called statistical mechanics to model the networks of neurons in nine people's brains - including seven who had epilepsy.
Specifically, they were looking at synchronisation of neurons - whether neurons were oscillating in phase with each other - to figure out whether brain cells were linked or not.
They looked at two datasets: first they compared the connectivity patterns when participants were asleep and awake; and then they looked at the difference when five of the epileptic patients were having seizures, and when their brains were in a normal, 'alert' state.
In both situations, they saw the same trend - the participants' brains displayed higher entropy when in a fully conscious state.


Are religious people really less smart, on average, than atheists?
To investigate, Daws and Hampshire surveyed more than 63,000 people online, and had them complete a 30-minute set of 12 cognitive tasks that measured planning, reasoning, attention and working memory. The participants also indicated whether they were religious, agnostic or atheist.
As predicted, the atheists performed better overall than the religious participants, even after controlling for demographic factors like age and education. Agnostics tended to place between atheists and believers on all tasks. In fact, strength of religious conviction correlated with poorer cognitive performance. However, while the religious respondents performed worse overall on tasks that required reasoning, there were only very small differences in working memory.
Also, some of the reasoning tasks, such as an extra-hard version of the Stroop Task known as “colour-word remapping”, had been designed to create maximum conflict between an intuitive response and a logical one, and the biggest group differences emerged on these tasks, consistent with the idea that religious people rely more on their intuition. In contrast, for a complex reasoning task – “deductive reasoning” – for which there were no obviously intuitive answers, there was much less of a group difference.
Daws and Hampshire concluded: “These findings provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that the religiosity effect relates to conflict [between reasoning and intuition] as opposed to reasoning ability or intelligence more generally.”



View PostTravertin2_0, on 16 ianuarie 2018 - 01:38, said:

Mai, arcaheus, nu mai pacali oamenii.

Asa de la sursa, nu de la gigel.com:

Aproape 80% din populația islandeză aparține astăzi bisericii evanghelice luterane islandeze.

https://www.islandre...exikon/religion
Eu nu pacalesc lumea, ci ea se pacaleste singura reinterpretand ceea ce scrie cum le convine. Vezi articolul din din aceasta postare pe care tu il ilustrezi foarte bine.

View Postarchaeus5, on 16 ianuarie 2018 - 00:14, said:

0% dintre Islandezii sub 25 de ani cred intr-un zeu creator.

Edited by archaeus5, 27 January 2018 - 23:26.


#519
archaeus5

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Is death still frightening if you believe the self is an illusion? An astonishing study of Tibetan Buddhists

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To their astonishment, the researchers report in Cognitive Science that fear of the annihilation of the self was most intense among the monastic Buddhists, and that the monastic Buddhists were less willing than any of the other groups to sacrifice years of their own life for a stranger.
The US participants were recruited online, whereas the monastic Tibetan Buddhists and other groups were given paper surveys to complete, translated by fluent bilinguals into the appropriate language. The hundreds of monastic Tibetan Buddhists who took part were from monasteries in Byalkuppe and Mundhod in India. The researchers also surveyed 30 Buddhist scholars about how devoted Buddhists ought to answer the different survey questions.
Next, the researchers surveyed more participants from the same groups about how much they would be willing to sacrifice years of their own life to extend the life of another person (for instance, in the most extreme version of the thought experiment, they were asked to imagine they could take a pill to extend their own life by six months or give the pill to a stranger, similar to them, for whom the pill would add an additional five years to their life). The monastic Buddhists were the least willing to make this kind of sacrifice – in fact, over 72 per cent preferred to keep the pill for themselves in the above scenario, compared with 31.2 per cent of non-religious Americans.
The researchers believe the paradox they have uncovered, between the Buddhists’ explicit beliefs and their fears, may be explicable by the fact that, despite their training and explicit claims, the monastic Buddhists still have a powerful sense of a continuous identity that stretches from the past and into the future. It is not easy to defy the illusion of the self even if you are taught to do so. This would seem to be borne out by notable Buddhist autobiographies that betray a keen experience of a continuous self. At the same time, Buddhists may succeed well in truly believing that the self ends at death (unlike other religious groups that preach that the soul is eternal), and this could account for the Buddhists’ exaggerated fear of self-annihilation at death.

Edited by archaeus5, 10 February 2018 - 15:56.


#520
archaeus5

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Scientists Find Chemical Reaction that May Have Spawned Life on Earth

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Work done in 2016 suggested that high volcanic activity on Earth between 3.9 and 4 billion years ago may have spread sulfur dioxide throughout the atmosphere. The sulfur would have eventually settled in water as sulfidic anions (specifically sulfites and bisulfites). This potentially sidesteps one of the problems with current thinking on the chemical origins of life. In 2015, a team of researchers showed it was possible to synthesize RNA precursors with hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, and ultraviolet light. That would all have been readily available on Earth at the time.
Using a model of ramped up volcanic activity on Earth, the researchers determined that sulfidic anions could have built up to significant concentrations in water similar to those used in the laboratory. Next came an analysis of these chemical components to see if they could generate biological molecules. The team succeeded in creating ribonucleotides (the base pairs of RNA), and the process was surprisingly efficient. The molecules formed with sulfidic anions 10 times faster than with hydrogen sulfide.


#521
archaeus5

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Edited by archaeus5, 15 April 2018 - 14:04.


#522
archaeus5

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These 'Sea Nomads' Are The First Known Humans to Have a Genetic Adaptation to Diving

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The deepest dive recorded by the free-diving Bajau Laut people of Southeast Asia was to an impressive 79 metres (259 feet), and the longest time spent underwater by them was just over three minutes.
Although the Bajau do not dive to these depths or for this length of time during their day-to-day fishing, they spend up to 60 percent of their working life underwater.
New research published in the journal Cell shows that they have some physical and genetic adaptations to help them make these amazing dives.
It seems that, although we tend to see ourselves as at the pinnacle of the natural world, evolution still has a grip on some groups of people. It is changing them to better suit their environment and their unusual lifestyle.


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